Solaris IAOQ

Solaris Infrequently Asked and Obscure Questions Composed by Argoth (2010.02.11)

INFREQUENTLY ASKED AND OBSCURE QUESTIONS

Table of Contents ( System | Network )

System ( General | Shell | Kernel | Devices | Filesystem | X11 | Crash Dump | VxVM | VxFS )
Network ( Physical Layer | Transport Layer )
1. Physical Layer
2. Transport Layer

Questions and Answers

^^ System
1. ^^ General
  1. ^^ How do I untar a file with absolute paths to a relative location?
    1. Method 1 (user)
      1. /usr/bin/pax -r -s ',^/,,' -f file.tar
    2. Method 2 (root)
      1. /usr/bin/cp /usr/sbin/static/tar /tmp
      2. /usr/bin/dd if=file.tar | /usr/bin/chroot /tmp ./tar xf -
  2. ^^ How do I do a recursive grep?
    1. Method 1 (recommended)
      1. /usr/bin/find . | /usr/bin/xargs /usr/bin/grep PATTERN
      2. displays filename:match
    2. Method 2 (recommended)
      1. /usr/bin/find . -exec /usr/bin/grep PATTERN {} /dev/null \;
      2. displays filename:match
  3. ^^ How do I find out the number of files used on local filesystems?
    1. System V
      1. /usr/bin/df -F ufs -o i
    2. Berkeley
      1. /usr/ucb/df -i
  4. ^^ How do I use a FIFO?
    1. /usr/bin/mkfifo fifo
    2. /usr/bin/compress < fifo > file.Z &
    3. /usr/bin/cat file > fifo
      1. compresses file into file.Z
  5. ^^ How do I list available signals?
    1. /usr/bin/kill -l
    2. Read /usr/include/sys/signal.h
    3. Solaris 2.6 / 7
      1. /usr/bin/man -s 5 signal
    4. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
      1. /usr/bin/man -s 3HEAD signal
  6. ^^ How do I show how a process will respond to a given signal?
    1. /usr/proc/bin/psig pid
      1. you must be root or own the process to read /proc/pid
  7. ^^ How do I remove a file that begins with a - ?
    1. This problem, contrary to popular belief, has nothing to do with the shell. It has to do with how rm(1) parses options.
    2. Method 1
      1. /usr/bin/rm ./-file
    3. Method 2
      1. /usr/bin/rm -- -file
      2. many programs use getopt(), thus they'll interpret - as an argument, to tell getopt() there are no more arguments to parse, use --
  8. ^^ ls(1) no longer works, how can i view directory contents?
    1. echo *
      1. This method uses the shell built-in echo() in conjunction with the * matching properties to generate listing of current directory.
  9. ^^ How can I tell what the various ERROR codes mean?
    1. Read /usr/include/sys/errno.h
    2. /usr/bin/man -s 2 Intro
  10. ^^ How can I create a file of arbitrary size?
    1. Method 1
      1. /usr/sbin/mkfile 10m file
        
        Creates a 10 Megabyte file
        For each write() operation, there is no accompanying read() operation, making this method very efficient
    2. Method 2 (recommended)
      1. /usr/bin/dd < /dev/zero > file bs=1024 seek=10240 count=1
        
        Creates a 10 Megabyte file
        This method does not require many reads and writes since the file is sparse.
  11. ^^ How can I get seconds from epoch?
    1. Solaris 2.6 / 7
      1. /usr/bin/truss /usr/bin/date 2>&1 | /usr/bin/awk '/^time/ {print $NF}'
    2. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
      1. /usr/bin/perl -e 'printf "%d\n", time;'
  12. ^^ How do I get yesterdays date?
    1. Solaris 2.6 / 7
      1. TZ=timezone+shift date
        
        replace timezone with EST,CST,PST,etc
        replace shift with 24-(shift from GMT)
        Example
        
        EST=-5
        24-(-5)=29
        TZ=EST+29 date
      2. echo `echo '*time-0t86400=Y' | /usr/bin/adb -k | tail -2`
    2. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
      1. /usr/bin/perl -e 'printf "%s\n",scalar localtime(time-86400)'
      2. This breaks twice a year during the DST transition.
      3. From perlfaq4;
        Note very carefully that the code above assumes that your days are twenty-four hours each. For most people, there are two days a year when they aren't: the switch to and from summer time throws this off. A solution to this issue is offered by Russ Allbery. sub yesterday { my $now = defined $_[0] ? $_[0] : time; my $then = $now - 60 * 60 * 24; my $ndst = (localtime $now)[8] > 0; my $tdst = (localtime $then)[8] > 0; $then - ($tdst - $ndst) * 60 * 60; } # Should give you "this time yesterday" in seconds since epoch relative to # the first argument or the current time if no argument is given and # suitable for passing to localtime or whatever else you need to do with # it. $ndst is whether we're currently in daylight savings time; $tdst is # whether the point 24 hours ago was in daylight savings time. If $tdst # and $ndst are the same, a boundary wasn't crossed, and the correction # will subtract 0. If $tdst is 1 and $ndst is 0, subtract an hour more # from yesterday's time since we gained an extra hour while going off # daylight savings time. If $tdst is 0 and $ndst is 1, subtract a # negative hour (add an hour) to yesterday's time since we lost an hour. # # All of this is because during those days when one switches off or onto # DST, a "day" isn't 24 hours long; it's either 23 or 25. # # The explicit settings of $ndst and $tdst are necessary because localtime # only says it returns the system tm struct, and the system tm struct at # least on Solaris doesn't guarantee any particular positive value (like, # say, 1) for isdst, just a positive value. And that value can # potentially be negative, if DST information isn't available (this sub # just treats those cases like no DST). # # Note that between 2am and 3am on the day after the time zone switches # off daylight savings time, the exact hour of "yesterday" corresponding # to the current hour is not clearly defined. Note also that if used # between 2am and 3am the day after the change to daylight savings time, # the result will be between 3am and 4am of the previous day; it's # arguable whether this is correct. # # This sub does not attempt to deal with leap seconds (most things don't). # # Copyright relinquished 1999 by Russ Allbery # This code is in the public domain
  13. ^^ How do I get access, modify, creation time of a file?
    1. Access time (atime)
      1. /usr/bin/ls -ul filename
    2. Modify time (mtime)
      1. /usr/bin/ls -l filename
    3. Creation time
      1. There is no way to determine creation time in the ufs filesystem
    4. Change time (ctime)
      1. /usr/bin/ls -cl filename
      2. this includes status changes (like permissions)
    5. All in one (root)
      1. ufs
        
        /usr/bin/ls -i filename | /usr/bin/awk \ '{print "0t"$1":ino?i"}' | /usr/sbin/fsdb -F ufs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
        
        assumes raw device of filesystem for filename is c0t0d0s0
      2. zfs
        
        /usr/sbin/zdb -vvv path/to/pool `/usr/bin/ls -i filename`
  14. ^^ What is load average?
    1. Load average is the average number of processes currently running and waiting to run.
    2. Method 1
      1. /usr/bin/w -u
      2. displays load average over last 1, 5 and 15 minutes
    3. Method 2
      1. /usr/bin/uptime
      2. displays load average over last 1, 5 and 15 minutes
    4. Method 3
      1. Using microstate accounting
      2. Get values from kstat
        
        /usr/bin/kstat -p 'unix:0:system_misc:avenrun*'
      3. Divide by FSCALE
        
        FSCALE is found in /var/include/sys/param.h
        Default is 8 bits (256)
      4. Putting it together
        
        /usr/bin/kstat -p 'unix:0:system_misc:avenrun*' | sort -n -t '_' +2 | awk '{printf "%.8f ", $2 / 256 } END {printf "\b\n"}'
  15. ^^ What is the run queue?
    1. The run queue consists of processes ready to run, i.e not otherwise blocked or waiting for i/o, that are contending for cpu resources to become available.
    2. /usr/bin/vmstat 1 2
      1. Current run queue is indicated by the "r" heading
      2. First line of output is average since system boot
  16. ^^ How can I copy directory contents to a remote machine (without nfs)?
    1. Method 1
      1. /usr/bin/tar -cf - sourcepath | /usr/bin/rsh remote " cd /targetpath ; /usr/bin/tar -xBf - "
    2. Method 2
      1. /usr/bin/find sourcepath | /usr/bin/cpio -o | /usr/bin/rsh remote "cd /targetpath ; /usr/bin/cpio -id"
  17. ^^ How do I archive directories with 155+ character directory names or 100+ character file names?
    1. Solaris 2.6
      1. Sun's version of tar does not support this, use cpio
      2. /usr/bin/find . | /usr/bin/cpio -o > file.cpio
        
        -H tar produces warning on files with the aforementioned attributes
    2. Solaris 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
      1. Use the -E switch to enable extended headers
  18. ^^ How do I convert hexadecimal to decimal and vice versa?
    1. Method 1 - adb (Solaris 2.6 / 7)
      1. echo "0xff=d" | /usr/bin/adb
        
        converts ff into 255
      2. echo "0t255=x" | /usr/bin/adb
        
        converts 255 to ff
    2. Method 2 - mdb (Solaris 8 / 9 / 10)
      1. echo "0xff=d" | /usr/bin/mdb
        
        converts ff into 255
      2. echo "0t255=x" | /usr/bin/mdb
        
        converts 255 to ff
    3. Method 3 - bc
      1. echo "ibase=16; ff" | /usr/bin/bc
        
        converts ff into 255
      2. echo "obase=16; 255" | /usr/bin/bc
        
        converts 255 to FF
    4. Method 4 - dc
      1. echo "10 16 o i FF p" | dc
        
        converts FF to 255
      2. echo "16 10 o i 255 p" | dc
        
        converts 255 to FF
    5. Method 5 - printf
      1. /usr/bin/printf '%d\n' 0xff
        
        converts ff to 255
      2. /usr/bin/printf '%x\n' 255
        
        converts 255 to ff
  19. ^^ How do I convert binary to decimal and vice versa?
    1. Method 1 - bc
      1. echo "ibase=2; 11111111" | /usr/bin/bc
        
        converts 11111111 into 255
      2. echo "obase=2; 255" | /usr/bin/bc
        
        converts 255 to 11111111
    2. Method 2 - dc
      1. echo "2 10 o i 11111111 p" | dc
        
        converts 11111111 to 255
      2. echo "10 2 o i 255 p" | dc
        
        converts 255 to 11111111
  20. ^^ What can I do about zombie processes?
    1. Solaris 9 / 10
      1. /usr/bin/preap
  21. ^^ How do I list just directories, but not their contents?
    1. Method 1
      1. /usr/bin/ls -d */
      2. commonly aliased to 'lsd'
    2. Method 2 (requires read access to listed directories)
      1. /usr/bin/find /path/to/dir/* -type d -prune
      2. displays full path results
  22. ^^ How do I grep for multiple patterns?
    1. pattern1 OR pattern2
      1. /usr/bin/egrep -e '(pattern1|pattern2)'
    2. pattern1 AND pattern2
      1. Method 1 (Recommended)
        
        /usr/bin/egrep -e '(pattern1.*pattern2|pattern2.*pattern1)'
      2. Method 2 (Quick and Dirty)
        
        /usr/bin/grep pattern1 | grep pattern 2
  23. ^^ How do I configure the system wide dynamic linker?
    1. Warning: This changes the library search path, so make sure to include the default paths when making changes.
    2. Default Library Path (ELF): /lib:/usr/lib
    3. 32-bit
      1. Default configuration file: /var/ld/ld.config
      2. /usr/bin/crle -l /new/path/lib:/lib:/usr/lib
    4. 64-bit
      1. Default configuration file: /var/ld/64/ld.config
      2. /usr/bin/crle -64 -l /new/path/lib:/lib:/usr/lib
    5. Possible issues
      1. crle: /var/ld/ld.config: corrupt file, possible truncation
        
        This is usually caused by the configuration file being manually edited.
        The configuration file can be safely deleted and recreated (if necessary) with the above commands at anytime.
2. ^^ Shell
  1. ^^ My setuid shell script keeps running as the real user, why?
    1. Bourne Shell
      1. The use of setuid shell scripts is discouraged
        
        If you must, protect yourself with trap()
      2. Bourne shell always sets the effective user and group IDs to the real user and group IDs.
      3. /bin/sh -p
    2. C Shell
      1. The use of setuid shell scripts is discouraged
      2. C shell does not run setuid/setgid shell scripts by default
        
        "/dev/fd/3: Bad file number" is a common error
      3. /bin/csh -b
  2. ^^ Why is cd() a shell built-in rather than an executable?
    1. Quick Answer
      1. a child process cannot modify the environment of the parent
    2. Long Answer
      1. a shell fork()s and then exec()s the requested executable. in doing so, the newly created process begins life with the environment of the parent process. the new child process then manipulates the environment in the manner requested, in this case a modification of the directory stack, and returns to the parent. however, since this change occurred in the child address space, the parent's environment was never changed, and therefore the requested operation did not take place.
  3. ^^ How do I redirect stderr?
    1. Bourne Shell
      1. to stdout
        
        command 2>&1
      2. to file
        
        command 2> file
      3. to null
        
        command 2> /dev/null
    2. C Shell
      1. to stdout
        
        command >& /dev/tty
      2. to file (without affecting stdout)
        
        ( command > /dev/tty ) >& file
      3. to null (without affecting stdout)
        
        a. ( command > /dev/tty ) >& /dev/null
  4. ^^
    How do I rename files by extension like MS-DOS?
    1. DOS Example: move *.doc *.txt
    2. Korn Shell
      
      for x in *.doc; do mv $x ${x%.doc}.txt; done
  5. ^^ AWK Tricks
    1. ^^ Round up number to next whole number
      1. Example (4.1 to 5, -4.1 to -4)
      2. awk '{printf "%d\n", ($0 % 1) ? (int($0)+(($1>0)?1:0)) : $0}'
  6. ^^
    SED Tricks
3. ^^ Kernel
  1. ^^ Where do I put kernel configuration?
    1. /etc/system
  2. ^^ 2. How do I add more PTYs?
    1. Solaris 2.6 / 7
      1. Do not attempt to do this with '/usr/bin/adb -k'.
      2. Modify /etc/system
        
        set pt_cnt=X
      3. /usr/sbin/reboot -- -r
    2. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
      1. Dynamically allocated.
      2. Do not attempt to do this with '/usr/bin/mdb -k'.
      3. Limit is forced by modifying /etc/system
        
        set pt_cnt=X
      4. /usr/sbin/reboot -- -r
  3. ^^ What is shared memory?
    1. Just as it sounds. Shared memory is an Interprocess Communication (IPC) mechanism used by multiple processes to access common memory segments.
  4. ^^ How do I know the limits for shared memory kernel tunables?
    1. Read /usr/include/sys/shm.h
  5. ^^ What is a semaphore?
    1. A non-negative integer that is incremented or decremented relative to available resources.
  6. ^^ How do I know the limits for semaphore kernel tunables?
    1. Read /usr/include/sys/sem.h
  7. ^^ What is a door?
    1. A door is a file descriptor that describes a method for interprocess communication between client and server threads.
    2. A door file appears with file mode D---------.
  8. ^^ add_drv(1m) fails with "add_drv/rem_drv currently busy; try later".
    1. /usr/bin/rm /tmp/AdDrEm.lck
  9. ^^
    How do I increase the number of file descriptors available to an application?
    1. File descriptors are used for more than just open files, they also provide the framework for socket i/o.
    2. The kernel dynamically allocates resources for open files. There is no maximum number of file descriptors per system.
    3. Depending on the programming interface used, an application may not be able to reach the file descriptor limit.
    4. API limits (ref:Solaris Internals)
      
      Solaris 2.6
      
      stdio(3S) - 256
      
      From stdio(3S); no more than 255 files may be opened using fopen(), and only file descriptors 0 through 255 can be used in a stream.
      
      select(3c) - 1024
      
      From select(3c); The default value for FD_SETSIZE (currently 1024) is larger than the default limit on the number of open files. It is not possible to increase the size of the fd_set data type when used with select().
      
      Solaris 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
      
      stdio(3s) - 256 (32-bit) / 65536 (64-bit)
      select(3c) - 1024 (32-bit) / 65536 (64-bit)
      
      65536 limit is attainable on 32-bit Solaris 7
      #define FD_SETSIZE 65536 ; prior to includes
    5. System defaults
      
      Solaris 2.6 / 7
      
      rlim_fd_max 1024
      rlim_fd_cur 64
      
      Solaris 8
      
      rlim_fd_max 1024
      rlim_fd_cur 256
      
      Solaris 9 / 10
      
      rlim_fd_max 65536
      rlim_fd_cur 256
    6. Modify /etc/system
      
      set rlim_fd_max=8192 ; hard limit (per process)
      set rlim_fd_cur=1024 ; soft limit (per process)
  10. ^^ What is a register window?
    1. A register window is used by the operating system to store the current local and in registers upon a system interupt, exception, or trap instruction.
    2. register windows are important to preserve the state of the stack between function calls.
  11. ^^ What is the default memory page size?
    1. x86
      1. 4096 bytes
    2. sun4u
      1. 8192 bytes
    3. sun4c/sun4m/sun4d
      1. 4096 bytes
  12. ^^ What is the current memory page size?
    1. /usr/bin/pagesize
  13. ^^ What kind of binaries can my kernel run?
    1. /usr/bin/isainfo -v
  14. ^^ What kind of kernel modules can my kernel run?
    1. /usr/bin/isainfo -kv
  15. ^^ How do I adjust interprocess communications (IPC) variables?
    1. Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
      1. Message Queue
        
        Modify /etc/system
        
        msgsys:msginfo_msgmap
        
        Number of entries in the message map
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        100
        
        msgsys:msginfo_msgmax
        
        Maximum message size
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        2048
        
        msgsys:msginfo_msgmnb
        
        Maximum bytes in queue
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        4096
        
        msgsys:msginfo_msgmni
        
        Number of message queue identifiers
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        50
        
        msgsys:msginfo_msgssz
        
        Message segment size
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        8
        
        msgsys:msginfo_msgtql
        
        Number of system message headers
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        40
        
        msgsys:msginfo_msgseg
        
        Number of message segments
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        1024
        Must be less than 32768
      2. Semaphores
        
        Modify /etc/system
        
        semsys:seminfo_semmap
        
        Number of entries in the semaphore map
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        10
        
        semsys:seminfo_semmni
        
        Number of identifiers
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        10
        
        semsys:seminfo_semmns
        
        Number of semaphores in the system
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        60
        
        semsys:seminfo_semmnu
        
        Number of processes in the undo facility
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        30
        
        semsys:seminfo_semmsl
        
        Maximum semaphores per id
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        25
        
        semsys:seminfo_semopm
        
        Maximum operations per call
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        10
        
        semsys:seminfo_semume
        
        Number of undo structures per process
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        10
      3. Shared Memory
        
        Modify /etc/system
        
        shmsys:shminfo_shmmax
        
        Maximum size of a shared memory segment.
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8
        
        1,048,576
        
        Solaris 9
        
        8,388,608
        
        shmsys:shminfo_shmmin
        
        Minimum size of a shared memory segment.
        Changing this value is not recommended as high values can cause application failure
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        1
        
        shmsys:shminfo_shmmni
        
        Maximum number of total shared memory segments that can be created
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        100
        
        shmsys:shminfo_shmseg
        
        Maximum number of shared memory segments per process
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        6
    2. Solaris 10
      1. New project facility. In addition to global settings, as in prior Solaris releases, it can also handle configuration per project, and per process. Controls are also now available while system is running.
      2. Dynamic
        
        Message Queue
        
        project.max-msg-ids
        
        Replaces msgsys:msginfo_msgmni
        Maximum number of message queue ids
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 10
        
        128
        
        Maximums
        
        Solaris 10
        
        16777216 (2^24)
        
        Example
        
        prctl -n project.max-msg-ids -r -v 1024 -i project 3
        
        project.max-msg-qbytes
        
        Replaces msgsys:msginfo_msgmnb
        Maximum number of bytes of messages on a queue
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 10
        
        65536
        
        Maximums
        
        Solaris 10
        
        32-bit
        
        4294967295(ULONG_MAX, 32-bit)
        
        64-bit
        
        18446744073709551615 (ULONG_MAX, 64-bit)
        
        Example
        
        prctl -n project.max-msg-qbytes -r -v 1024 -i project 3
        
        project.max-msg-messages
        
        Replaces msgsys:msginfo_msgtql
        Maximum number of messages in queue
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 10
        
        8192
        
        Maximums
        
        Solaris 10
        
        4294967295 (UINT_MAX)
        
        Example
        
        prctl -n project.max-msg-messages -r -v 16384 -i project 3
        
        Semaphore
        
        project.max-sem-ids
        
        Replaces semsys:seminfo_semmni
        Maximum number of semaphore ids allowed
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 10
        
        128
        
        Maximums
        
        Solaris 10
        
        16777216 (2^24)
        
        Example
        
        prctl -n project.max-sem-ids -r -v 256 -i project 3
        
        project.max-sem-nsems
        
        Replaces semsys:seminfo_semmsi
        Maximum number of semaphores per set
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 10
        
        512
        
        Maximums
        
        Solaris 10
        
        32767 (SHRT_MAX)
        
        Example
        
        prctl -n project.max-sem-nsems -r -v 1024 -i project 3
        
        project.max-sem-ops
        
        Replaces semsys:seminfo_semopm
        Maximum number of semaphore operations allowed
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 10
        
        512
        
        Maximums
        
        Solaris 10
        
        2147483647 (INT_MAX)
        
        Example
        
        prctl -n project.max-sem-ops -r -v 1024 -i project 3
        
        Shared Memory
        
        project.max-shm-ids
        
        Replaces shmsys:shminfo_shmmni
        Maximum number of shared memory ids allowed a project.
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 10
        
        128
        
        Maximums
        
        Solaris 10
        
        16777216 (2^24)
        
        Example
        
        prctl -n project.max-shm-ids -r -v 256 -i project 3
        
        project.max-shm-memory
        
        Replaces shmsys:shminfo_shmmax
        Total amount of shared memory allowed a project (not merely per segment, as in previous versions)
        Defaults
        
        Solaris 10
        
        1/4 Memory
        
        Maximums
        
        Solaris 10
        
        18446744073709551616 (UINT64_MAX)
        
        Example
        
        prctl -n project.max-shm-memory -r -v 4G -i project 3
      3. Persistent
        
        Configuration file is /etc/project
        Message Queue
        Semaphore
        Shared Memory
        
        max-shm-memory
        Example (4G):
        
        projmod -sK "project.max-shm-memory=(priv,4G,deny)" default
  16. ^^ How do I modify strings in the running kernel?
    1. Example: Changing sysname and release of current system (uname -sr)
    2. This requires changing values in utsname kernel structure
    3. Read /usr/include/sys/utsname.h
```
        #define _SYS_NMLN       257     /* 4.0 size of utsname elements */
        struct utsname {
	    char	sysname[_SYS_NMLN];
	    char	nodename[_SYS_NMLN];
	    char	release[_SYS_NMLN];
	    char	version[_SYS_NMLN];
	    char	machine[_SYS_NMLN];
        }; 
```
    4. Get information about current structure
      1. echo "utsname::print" | mdb -k
    5. Determine offset
      1. echo "0t257=x" | mdb
      2. 101
    6. Convert string
      1. echo "FunOS" | od -t x1
      2. 0000000 46 75 6e 4f 53 0a
    7. Commit change
      1. Warning: Modifying live kernel
      2. echo "utsname/v 46 75 6e 4f 53" | mdb -kw
    8. Convert string
      1. echo "5.12" | od -t x1
      2. 0000000 35 2e 31 32 0a
    9. Commit change
      1. Warning: Modifying live kernel
      2. echo "utsname+0x202/v 35 2e 31 32" | mdb -kw
    10. Verify Results
      1. Directly from kernel
        
        echo "utsname::print" | mdb -k
      2. From utility in example
        
        /usr/bin/uname -sr
        FunOS 5.12
4. ^^ Devices
  1. ^^ How do I make the system aware of new devices?
    1. Disks
      1. While the system is up ( no fcal )
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7
        
        Generate /devices structure
        
        /usr/sbin/drvconfig
        
        Generate /dev/dsk and /dev/rdsk links
        
        /usr/sbin/disks
        
        Solaris 8 / 9
        
        Generate /devices and /dev/dsk, /dev/rdsk links
        
        /usr/sbin/devfsadm
        
        Solaris 10
        
        Generate /devices
        
        /devices is now dynamic and managed by the devfs filesystem
        If necessary, new devices can be configured using /usr/sbin/cfgadm
        
        Generate /dev/dsk, /dev/rdsk links
        
        /usr/sbin/devfsadm
      2. While the system is up ( fcal )
        
        Get the enclosure name
        
        /usr/sbin/luxadm probe
        
        Add the disk
        
        /usr/sbin/luxadm insert_device enclosure,slot
      3. With a reboot
        
        Method 1
        
        /usr/sbin/shutdown -g0 -i0 "disk addition"
        Reconfigure Boot (From OpenBoot PROM monitor)
        
        boot -r
        
        Method 2
        
        /usr/bin/touch /reconfigure
        /usr/sbin/shutdown -g0 -i6 "disk addition"
    2. Ports
      1. While the system is up
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7
        
        Generate /devices structure
        
        /usr/sbin/drvconfig
        
        Generate /dev links
        
        /usr/sbin/ports
        
        Solaris 8 / 9
        
        Generate /devices structure and /dev links
        
        /usr/sbin/devfsadm
        
        Solaris 10
        
        Generate /devices
        
        /devices is now dynamic and managed by the devfs filesystem
        If necessary, new devices can be configured using /usr/sbin/cfgadm
        
        Generate /dev links
        
        /usr/sbin/devfsadm
    3. Tapes
      1. While the system is up
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7
        
        Generate /devices structure
        
        /usr/sbin/drvconfig
        
        Generate /dev and /dev links
        
        /usr/sbin/tapes
        
        Solaris 8 / 9
        
        Generate /devices structure and /dev links
        
        /usr/sbin/devfsadm
        
        Solaris 10
        
        Generate /devices
        
        /devices is now dynamic and managed by the devfs filesystem
        If necessary, new devices can be configured using /usr/sbin/cfgadm
        
        Generate /dev links
        
        /usr/sbin/devfsadm
    4. Misc. Devices
      1. While the system is up
        
        Solaris 2.6 / 7
        
        Generate /devices structure
        
        /usr/sbin/drvconfig
        
        Generate /dev links
        
        /usr/sbin/devlinks
        
        Solaris 8 / 9
        
        Generate /devices structure and /dev links
        
        /usr/sbin/devfsadm
        
        Solaris 10
        
        Generate /devices
        
        /devices is now dynamic and managed by the devfs filesystem
        If necessary, new devices can be configured using /usr/sbin/cfgadm
        
        Generate /dev links
        
        /usr/sbin/devfsadm
  2. ^^ How do I know what the video configuration for my adapter/display is?
    1. M64 Adapter
      1. /usr/sbin/m64config -propt
    2. Creator 3D Adapter
      1. /usr/sbin/ffbconfig -propt
  3. ^^ How do I know what the adapter/display is capable of?
    1. M64 Adapter
      1. Display what the card is capable of
        
        /usr/sbin/m64config -res \?
      2. Display what the card and display are capable of
        
        /usr/sbin/m64config -prconf
    2. Creator 3D Adapter
      1. Display what the card is capable of
        
        /usr/sbin/ffbconfig -res \?
      2. Display what the card and display are capable of
        
        /usr/sbin/ffbconfig -prconf
  4. ^^ How do I change color depth?
    1. M64 Adapter
      1. /usr/sbin/m64config -depth 24
        
        Attempts to set the default color depth to 24.
    2. Creator 3D Adapter
      1. /usr/sbin/ffbconfig -depth 24
        
        Attempts to set the default color depth to 24.
  5. ^^ How can I prevent my system from halting when my terminal server is rebooted?
    1. Patches
      1. Solaris 2.6
        
        Install patch 105924-10 or later
      2. Solaris 7
        
        Install patch 107589-02 or later
      3. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
        
        Integrated
    2. Method 1 (persistent)
      1. Modify /etc/default/kbd
        
        KEYBOARD_ABORT=alternate
      2. /usr/sbin/init 6
      3. New break sequence is "~^b"
    3. Method 2 (not persistent, system up)
      1. Solaris 2.6 / 7
        
        /usr/bin/kbd -a disable
        This disables keyboard abort (L1-A / Stop-A) until you perform Method 1
      2. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
        
        /usr/bin/kbd -a alternate
        This allows for the alternate sequence to be immediately available until you perform Method 1
  6. ^^ What does hme stand for in /dev/hme?
    1. Happy Meal Ethernet
  7. ^^ Where are device drivers located?
    1. /kernel/drv/<driver>
  8. ^^ How do I configure a device driver?
    1. w/<driver>.conf
      1. man <driver>
      2. vi /kernel/drv/<driver>.conf
    2. w/o <driver>.conf
      1. man <driver>
      2. man driver.conf
  9. ^^ How do I configure the scsi-options for my scsi controller?
    1. /usr/sbin/prtconf -v
```
SUNW,fas, instance #0
    Driver properties:
        name <target6-TQ> length <4>
            value <0x00000000>.
        name <target6-wide> length <4>
            value <0x00000000>.
        name <target6-sync-speed> length <4>
            value <0x00002710>.
        name <target0-TQ> length <4>
            value <0x00000001>.
        name <target0-wide> length <4>
            value <0x00000000>.
        name <target0-sync-speed> length <4>
            value <0x00002710>.
        name <pm_norm_pwr> length <4>
            value <0x00000001>.
        name <pm_timestamp> length <4>
            value <0x3549c8e0>.
        name <scsi-options> length <4>
            value <0x000007f8>.
                          ^^^
    
```
    2. Convert to current hexadecimal value to binary
      1. echo 'obase=2;ibase=16;7F8' | /usr/bin/bc
        11111111000
    3. From /usr/include/sys/scsi/conf/autoconf.h;
```
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_LINK       0x10    /* Global linked commands */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_TAG        0x80    /* Global tagged command support */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_DR         0x8     /* Global disconnect/reconnect  */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_SYNC       0x20    /* Global synchronous xfer capability */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_PARITY     0x40    /* Global parity support */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_FAST       0x100   /* Global FAST scsi support */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_WIDE       0x200   /* Global WIDE scsi support */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_FAST20     0x400   /* Global FAST20 scsi support */
    
```
    4. Order bits descending
```
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_FAST20     0x400   /* Global FAST20 scsi support */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_WIDE       0x200   /* Global WIDE scsi support */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_FAST       0x100   /* Global FAST scsi support */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_TAG        0x80    /* Global tagged command support */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_PARITY     0x40    /* Global parity support */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_SYNC       0x20    /* Global synchronous xfer capability */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_LINK       0x10    /* Global linked commands */
#define SCSI_OPTIONS_DR         0x8     /* Global disconnect/reconnect  */
    
```
    5. Check if turned on or off
```
Global FAST20 scsi support                 1
Global WIDE scsi support                   1
Global FAST scsi support                   1
Global tagged command support              1
Global parity support                      1
Global synchronous xfer capability         1
Global linked commands                     1
Global disconnect/reconnect                1
                                           0
                                           0
                                           0
    
```
    6. Example: Disabling Tagged Queuing on FAS SCSI controller Target 0
      1. Determine bit order to turn off tag queuing
        Global FAST20 scsi support 1 Global WIDE scsi support 1 Global FAST scsi support 1 Global tagged command support 0 Global parity support 1 Global synchronous xfer capability 1 Global linked commands 1 Global disconnect/reconnect 1 0 0 0
      2. Convert current binary value to hexadecimal
        
        echo "obase=16;ibase=2;1101111000" | /usr/bin/bc
        378
      3. Add to /kernel/drv/fas.conf
        target0-scsi-options=0x378; scsi-options=0x7f8;
  10. ^^ How do I change the default terminal setting on the system console?
    1. Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
      1. Edit the "co:" line in /etc/inittab
      2. Change "-T sun" to "-T vt100" or whatever your preferred terminal is
      3. Example:
        
        echo "g/^co:/s/sun/vt100/1\nw" | ed -s /etc/inittab
    2. Solaris 10
      1. Configure the service with svccfg
        
        SVC> select svc:/system/console-login:default
        svc:/system/console-login:default> setprop ttymon/terminal_type = "vt100"
        svc:/system/console-login:default> quit
  11. ^^
    What instruction set does my CPU support?
    1. Solaris 10
      
      /usr/bin/file /lib/libc.so.1 | /usr/bin/sed 's/.*\[$.*$\].*/\1/'
5. ^^ Filesystem
  1. ^^ How do I get a list of superblocks on a filesystem?
    1. assumes filesystem was created with default parameters
    2. /usr/sbin/newfs -N device | awk '/^ [0-9]/'
  2. ^^ How do I grow/shrink a ufs filesystem?
    1. Grow
      1. Unmounted filesystem (not /, /usr, /var)
        
        Allocate additional contiguous disk space with format(1m)
        
        Unnecessary if you are using a volume manager
        
        /usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs -G rawdevice newsize
      2. Mounted filesytem (not /, /usr, /var)
        
        Allocate additional contiguous disk space with format(1m)
        
        Unnecessary if you are using a volume manager
        
        /usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs -G -M mountpoint rawdevice newsize
    2. Shrink
      1. You cannot shrink a ufs filesystem
  3. ^^ How do I determine what type of filesystem a given device has?
    1. /usr/sbin/fstyp blockdevice
  4. ^^ What are inodes 0, 1, and 2 used for?
    1. Inode 0 is unusable. It is used to mark unused inodes.
    2. Inode 1 is unusable. Use of this inode for bad block information is deprecated.
    3. Inode 2 is "/" or "root" of the filesystem.
  5. ^^ What do I do if I have a corrupt boot block?
    1. ok boot cdrom -s
    2. /usr/sbin/installboot /usr/platform/`uname -i`/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk /dev/rdsk/c#t#d#s#
  6. ^^
    What is the DNLC?
    1. DNLC is the directory name look up cache
    2. It is a hash table bucket structure of name cache entries for fast lookup. The elements in this cache are directory vnode, file name, and credential.
    3. Solaris also employs a directory cache mechanism for large directories. This is an unordered linked list of free space entries.
    4. Solaris caches names up to 30 characters. Longer names are read using the standard, slower method, by traversing the directory structure.
    5. Read /usr/include/sys/dnlc.h
  7. ^^ How does the DNLC relate to the kernel vfs layer?
    1. Since the DNLC is a reference to recently used vnodes, the filesystem will read from the DNLC prior to the underlying filesystem. This is due to the fact that every inode/rnode has a corresponding vnode. vfs is a layer of abstraction in the kernel that allows the kernel to support multiple filesystem types by presenting all filesystems in a uniform manner.
  8. ^^ How do I get statistics about DNLC performance?
    1. A value of 90% or less requires tuning.
    2. Method 1 (recommended)
      1. /usr/bin/vmstat -s | /usr/bin/grep "name lookup"
    3. Method 2
      1. Solaris 2.6 / 7
        
        echo '*ncstats*0t100%(*ncstats+*(ncstats+4)+*(ncstats+14))=D' | /usr/bin/adb -k
      2. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
        
        echo '*ncstats*0t100%(*ncstats+*(ncstats+4)+*(ncstats+14))=D' | /usr/bin/mdb -k
  9. ^^ How do I prevent the ufs filesystem from buffering my database files?
    1. ufs now has the ability to provide direct access to a file. This new method is not as effective as RAW access because the filesystem still allocates the file by indirect blocks which can fragment.
    2. this is done on a per filesystem, rather than per file basis
    3. direct i/o can be dangerous when used on filesystems that are accessed by applications that do not buffer data internally
    4. Method 1 (persistent)
      1. Add "forcedirectio" to mount options in /etc/vfstab
    5. Method 2 (not persistent, system up)
      1. /usr/sbin/mount -o remount,forcedirectio,(other options) /mountpoint
  10. ^^ How do I disable "access time" updates for file?
    1. This is useful for web servers and news servers to prevent unnecessary file I/O.
    2. Add "noatime" to mount options in /etc/vfstab
  11. ^^ What is the difference between file mode 1 and 5?
    1. mode 1 allows exec() of the binary
    2. mode 5 allows exec() of the binary and processes to mmap() pages from within userspace
    3. this is why shared libraries generally need to be PROT_READ and PROT_EXEC at page level and -r-x at file level
  12. ^^ How can I force an unmount of a filesystem?
    1. Solaris 2.6 / 7
      1. there is no special flag to the umount() system call that allows this
    2. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
      1. /usr/sbin/umount -f /mount
  13. ^^ What is the default ufs block size?
    1. 8192 bytes logical block, 1024 bytes fragment size
    2. Block size is only modifiable at creation
  14. ^^ What is the default ZFS block size?
    1. Solaris 10
      1. 8192 bytes
      2. Block size is only modifiable at creation
      3. Valid sizes are 512 to 131072 bytes in powers of 2
  15. ^^ Why is /lib/libc.so.1 showing up as a mounted filesystem?
    1. Solaris 10
      1. This is a lofs filesystem that allows for an optimized C library by hardware architecture and capabilities
      2. See I.D11 to determine what these capabilites are
  16. ^^ How do I mount an ISO image file?
    1. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
      1. /usr/sbin/lofiadm -a /path/to/file.iso /dev/lofi/1
      2. /usr/sbin/mount -F hsfs /dev/lofi/1 /mountpoint
    2. OpenSolaris
      1. /usr/sbin/mount -F hsfs /path/to/file.iso /mountpoint
6. ^^ X11
  1. ^^ How do I use an alternate window manager?
    1. Bypassing CDE
      1. echo "exec /path/to/alternate/window/manager" > .xsession
    2. Maintaining CDE
      1. Xresources
        
        cd /usr/dt/config/C/Xresources.d
        /usr/bin/cp Xresources.ow Xresources.wm
        Modify Xresources.wm
        
        Dtlogin*altDtName: Alternate WindowManager
        Dtlogin*altDtKey: /path/to/alternate/window/manager
        Dtlogin*altDtStart: /usr/dt/config/Xsession.wm
        Dtlogin*altDtLogo: WMlogo
      2. Xsession
        
        cd /usr/dt/config
        /usr/bin/cp Xsession.ow Xsession.wm
        Modify Xsession.wm
        
        Place windowmanager environment
      3. Logo (for display in CDE login)
        
        cd /usr/dt/appconfig/icons/C
        /usr/bin/cp OWlogo.pm WMlogo.pm
        
        Replace this with your own XPM file
  2. ^^ How do I disable X Windows from starting at boot?
    1. Method 1 (recommended)
      1. /usr/dt/bin/dtconfig -d
    2. Method 2
      1. /usr/bin/mv /etc/rc2.d/S99dtlogin /etc/rc2.d/s99dtlogin
  3. ^^ How do I disable that annoying beep?
    1. Method 1
      1. /usr/openwin/bin/xset b 0
    2. Method 2
      1. /usr/openwin/bin/xset b off
    3. Method 3
      1. /usr/openwin/bin/xset -b
  4. ^^ How do I disable the CDE front panel?
    1. Modify $HOME/.Xdefaults
      1. Dtwm*useFrontPanel: false
  5. ^^ How do I determine which X11 version and extensions are supported?
    1. /usr/openwin/bin/xdpyinfo -v
7. ^^ Crash Dump
  1. ^^ When did it happen?
    1. Method 1 (to the minute)
      1. /usr/bin/who -b
    2. Method 2 (to the second)
      1. Solaris 2.6 / 7
        
        Become root
        echo '*time-(*lbolt%64)=Y' | /usr/bin/adb -k
      2. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
        
        Become root
        echo '*time-(*lbolt%64)=Y' | /usr/bin/mdb -k
  2. ^^ How do I get information about what was going on?
    1. Enable savecore
      1. Solaris 2.6
        
        disabled by default
        Modify /etc/init.d/sysetup
        
        Uncomment last 6 lines
      2. Solaris 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
        
        Enabled by default
        Enable with '/usr/bin/dumpadm -y'
    2. Default file locations
      1. Corefile is /var/crash/`uname -n`/vmcore.n
      2. Namelist is /var/crash/`uname -n`/unix.n
    3. Process status
      1. Solaris 2.6 / 7
        
        Open the crash interpreter
        /usr/sbin/crash -d corefile -n namelist
        
        p -e
        
        The "p" command reads the process table
      2. Solaris 8 / 9 / 10
        
        Open the modular debugger
        /usr/bin/mdb namelist corefile
        
        ::ps
        
        The "::ps" command reads the process table
    4. Network status
      1. /usr/bin/netstat namelist corefile
    5. IPC status
      1. /usr/sbin/ipcs -C corefile -N namelist
8. ^^ Veritas Volume Manager
  1. ^^ How do I allow a user to write to a managed raw device?
    1. /usr/bin/chown is not persistent across reboots
    2. /usr/sbin/vxedit set user=oracle group=dba mode=600 volume
  2. ^^ How do I move rootdg from one system to another?
    1. without this procedure, you will get error messages at boot because the system sees two instances of rootdg
    2. /etc/vx/diag.d/vxprivutil list /dev/rdsk/c#t#d#s# | awk '/^group/'
      1. note the disk group id number
    3. /usr/sbin/vxdg -C -n newdg import dgid
      1. dgid is group id from (a)
      2. this command creates disk group newdg and imports the disk
  3. ^^ What is the difference between Disk Suite and Veritas Volume Manager?
    1. Veritas Volume Manager logs metadata and filesystem data, whereas Disk Suite logs only metadata
  4. ^^ What is the difference between RAID 0+1 and 1+0?
    1. Diagram A (RAID 0+1)
      1. [ v] || [ p] || [sv] || =======================[v2]======================= | | ==========[p2]========== ==========[p2]========== | | | | =[s2]==[s2]==[s2]==[s2]= =[s2]==[s2]==[s2]==[s2]=
      2. Striping occurs at the subvolume(p2) layer.
      3. Mirroring occurs at the subplex (v2) layer.
    2. Diagram B (RAID 1+0)
      1. [ v] || [ p] || ==========================[sv]========================== | | ===========[v2]=========== ===========[v2]=========== | | | | ====[p2]==== ====[p2]==== ====[p2]==== ====[p2]==== | | | | | | | | =[s2]==[s2]= =[s2]==[s2]= =[s2]==[s2]= =[s2]==[s2]=
      2. Striping occurs at the subvolume(sv) layer.
      3. Mirroring occurs at the subplex (p2) layer.
    3. The diagrams above use the Veritas 3.x nomenclature.
    4. Volume Resynchronization
      1. There is an additional layer of abstraction in RAID 1+0 that allows for isolation of the subdisks into subplexes. Since the subplexes are smaller than the plexes in RAID 0+1, time to resynchronize is reduced.
    5. Fault Tolerance
      1. There is an additional layer of abstraction in RAID 1+0 that allows for isolation of the subdisks into subplexes. Since the subplexes now contain reduced amounts of disks, and are composed solely of single subdisk mirrors, the RAID 1+0 volume can sustain the loss of multiple disks pending all of the disks within a given subplex do not fail.
9. ^^ Veritas Filesystem
  1. ^^ How do I make vxfs support large files?
    1. /usr/lib/fs/vxfs/fsadm -o largefiles /mountpoint
  2. ^^ How do I defragment a vxfs filesystem?
    1. Determine if necessary
      1. Method 1
        
        /usr/lib/fs/vxfs/df -o s /mountpoint
      2. Method 2
        
        /usr/lib/fs/vxfs/fsadm -ED /mountpoint
        
        reports on both extent and directory fragmentation
    2. /usr/lib/fs/vxfs/fsadm -ed /mountpoint
      1. reorganizes extents and directories
  3. ^^ How do I grow/shrink a vxfs filesystem?
    1. vxfs, unlike ufs, filesystems can be shrunk.
    2. Mounted filesystem (not /, /usr, /var)
      1. /usr/lib/fs/vxfs/fsadm -b size /mountpoint
  4. ^^ How do I prevent the vxfs filesystem from buffering my database files?
    1. Method 1 (persistent)
      1. Add "mincache=direct,convosync=direct" to mount options in /etc/vfstab
    2. Method 2 (not persistent, system up)
      1. /usr/sbin/mount -o remount,mincache=direct,convosync=direct,<other options> /mountpoint
      2. [UNVERIFIED] please email if you can confirm
    3. Method 3 (Quick I/O)
      1. This is presented as an add-on module for filesystem and ships with Veritas Database Edition.
      2. Quick I/O presents files with preallocated extents as character devices to the application in the form of ".filename::cdev:vxfs" by use of the vxqio device driver
      3. Quick I/O is enabled per filesystem, by default, but is configured on a per file basis
  5. ^^ How do I create a Quick I/O file?
    1. Oracle
      1. /usr/sbin/qiomkfile -h <header size> -s <extent size> /path/to/dbfile
        
        <header size> should correspond to DB_BLOCK_SIZE, 32k by default
        <extent size> should correspond to the size of the database. by allocating appropriate extents you can prevent fragmentation
  6. ^^ What is the default vxfs block size?
    1. Filesystem size <= 8GB
      1. 1024 bytes
    2. Filesystem size 8GB <= 16GB
      1. 2048 bytes
    3. Filesystem size 16GB <= 32GB
      1. 4096 bytes
    4. Filesystem > 32GB
      1. 8192 bytes
^^ Network
1. ^^ Physical Layer
  1. ^^ How do I find the speed my network card is at?
    1. Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
      1. /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme instance 0
        
        Instance 0 - hme0
        Instance 1 - hme1
      2. /usr/sbin/ndd -get /dev/hme transciever_inuse
        
        0 - onboard
        1 - offboard card (mii)
      3. /usr/sbin/ndd -get /dev/hme link_status
        
        0 - down
        1 - up
      4. /usr/sbin/ndd -get /dev/hme link_speed
        
        0 - 10Mb
        1 - 100Mb
        1000 - 1Gb
      5. /usr/sbin/ndd -get /dev/hme link_mode
        
        0 - half duplex
        1 - full duplex
    2. Solaris 10 / OpenSolaris
      1. /usr/sbin/dladm show-dev e1000g0
  2. ^^ How do I configure what my network card is capable of?
    1. Method 1
      1. /etc/system
        
        this sets global defaults for the driver, therefore it is effective for all instances of the card
        HME/QFE/GE interfaces
        
        set hme:hme_adv_autoneg_cap=0
        
        Advertise auto negotiate capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set hme:hme_adv_100T4=0
        
        Advertise deprecated 100Mbit T4 capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set hme:hme_adv_100fdx=0
        
        Advertise 1000Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set hme:hme_adv_100hdx=0
        
        Advertise 100Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set hme:hme_adv_10fdx=0
        
        Advertise 10Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set hme:hme_adv_10hdx=0
        
        Advertise 10Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        ERI interfaces
        
        set eri:adv_autoneg_cap=0
        
        Advertise auto negotiate capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set eri:adv_100T4=0
        
        Advertise deprecated 100Mbit T4 capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set eri:adv_100fdx=0
        
        Advertise 100Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set eri:adv_100hdx=0
        
        Advertise 100Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set eri:adv_10fdx=0
        
        Advertise 10Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set eri:adv_10hdx=0
        
        Advertise 10Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        E1000 interfaces
        
        set e1000g:adv_autoneg_cap=0
        
        Advertise auto negotiate capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set e1000g:adv_100fdx=0
        
        Advertise 100Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set e1000g:adv_100hdx=0
        
        Advertise 100Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set e1000g:adv_10fdx=0
        
        Advertise 10Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set e1000g:adv_10hdx=0
        
        Advertise 10Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set e1000g:adv_1000fdx=0
        
        Advertise 1Gbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        set e1000g:adv_1000hdx=0
        
        Advertise 1Gbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
    2. Method 2
      1. Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
        
        /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme instance 0
        
        Instance 0 - hme0
        Instance 1 - hme1
        
        /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme adv_autoneg_cap 0
        
        Advertise auto negotiate capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme adv_100fdx_cap 0
        
        Advertise 100Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme adv_100hdx_cap 0
        
        Advertise 100Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme adv_100T4_cap 0
        
        Advertise deprecated 100Mbit T4 capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme adv_10fdx_cap 0
        
        Advertise 10Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme adv_10hdx_cap 0
        
        Advertise 10Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      2. Solaris 10 / OpenSolaris
        
        /usr/sbin/dladm set-linkprop -p adv_autoneg_cap=0 e1000g0
        
        Advertise auto negotiate capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/dladm set-linkprop -p adv_100fdx_cap=0 e1000g0
        
        Advertise 100Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/dladm set-linkprop -p adv_100hdx_cap=0 e1000g0
        
        Advertise 100Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/dladm set-linkprop -p adv_10fdx_cap=0 e1000g0
        
        Advertise 10Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/dladm set-linkprop -p adv_10hdx_cap=0 e1000g0
        
        Advertise 10Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/dladm set-linkprop -p adv_1000fdx_cap=0 e1000g0
        
        Advertise 1Gbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
        
        /usr/sbin/dladm set-linkprop -p adv_1000hdx_cap=0 e1000g0
        
        Advertise 1Gbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
  3. ^^ How do I display what my link partner is capable of?
    1. Solaris 2.6 / 7 / 8 / 9
      1. /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme instance 0
        
        Instance 0 - hme0
        Instance 1 - hme1
      2. /usr/sbin/ndd -get /dev/hme lp_autoneg_cap
        
        link partner has auto negotiate capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      3. /usr/sbin/ndd -get /dev/hme lp_100fdx_cap
        
        link partner has 100Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      4. /usr/sbin/ndd -get /dev/hme lp_100hdx_cap
        
        link partner has 100Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      5. /usr/sbin/ndd -get /dev/hme lp_100T4_cap
        
        link partner has deprecated 100Mbit T4 capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      6. /usr/sbin/ndd -get /dev/hme lp_10fdx_cap
        
        link partner has 10Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      7. /usr/sbin/ndd -get /dev/hme lp_10hdx_cap
        
        link partner has 10Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
    2. Solaris 10 / OpenSolaris
      1. KSTAT uses form MODULENAME:INSTANCE:NAME:STATISTIC
      2. Network interface e1000g0 is the e1000g kernel module, instance 0
      3. kstat -p 'e1000g:0:mac' | awk '/lp_cap_autoneg/ {print $NF}'
        
        link partner has auto negotiate capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      4. kstat -p 'e1000g:0:mac' | awk '/lp_cap_100fdx/ {print $NF}'
        
        link partner has 100Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      5. kstat -p 'e1000g:0:mac' | awk '/lp_cap_100hdx/ {print $NF}'
        
        link partner has 100Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      6. kstat -p 'e1000g:0:mac' | awk '/lp_cap_10fdx/ {print $NF}'
        
        link partner has 10Mbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      7. kstat -p 'e1000g:0:mac' | awk '/lp_cap_10hdx/ {print $NF}'
        
        link partner has 10Mbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      8. kstat -p 'e1000g:0:mac' | awk '/lp_cap_1000fdx/ {print $NF}'
        
        link partner has 1Gbit full duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
      9. kstat -p 'e1000g:0:mac' | awk '/lp_cap_1000hdx/ {print $NF}'
        
        link partner has 1Gbit half duplex capability
        0 - off
        1 - on
  4. ^^ How can I tell if my card is active on the network?
    1. Method 1 (Openboot PROM)
      1. watch-net
  5. ^^ How do I use multiple ethernet interfaces on the same network segment?
    1. Method 1 (modern cards, 1997+)
      1. Modern Sun Adapters have unique mac addresses encoded in the FCode Prom.
      2. /usr/sbin/eeprom local-mac-address?=true
    2. Method 2 (older cards)
      1. From InfoDoc 16733;
        Section 3.2.3(4) of the IEEE 802.3 spec defines a reserved bit in the Ethernet Address that can be used to administer a universally assigned ethernet addresses. A Locally administered address (LAA) can be implemented to ensure a unique HW address.
      2. Setting the LAA bit can be done by using a 0A hex as the first digit instead of 08.
      3. /usr/sbin/ifconfig hme1 ether 0a:0:20:00:01
  6. ^^ How do I determine if local mac addresses are in use on my host?
    1. /usr/sbin/prtconf -pv | /usr/bin/grep local-mac-address
2. ^^ Transport Layer
  1. ^^ How do I configure stronger sequence number generation?
    1. From RFC 1948;
```
        The initial sequence numbers are intended to be more or less random.
        More precisely, RFC 793 specifies that the 32-bit counter be incremented
        by 1 in the low-order position about every 4 microseconds.  Instead,
        Berkeley-derived kernels increment it by a constant every second, and by
        another constant for each new connection.  Thus, if you open a
        connection to a machine, you know to a very high degree of confidence
        what sequence number it will use for its next connection.  And therein
        lies the attack.
     
```
    2. /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_strong_iss 2
      1. 0 - Sequential
      2. 1 - Random increment variance (Default)
      3. 2 - RFC 1948, unique-per-connection-ID.
    3. Modify /etc/default/inetinit.
      1. 1. TCP_STRONG_ISS=2
  2. ^^
    I have a large amount of connections in state CLOSE_WAIT, what can be done to reduce this number in the future?
    1. Increase Connection Hash Table
      
      Used for faster connection lookups
      Must be set at boot time
      Defaults
      
      Solaris 2.6 / 7
      
      Default is 256, Max is 262144
      
      Solaris 8 / 9
      
      Default is 512, Max is 1073741824
      
      Solaris 10
      
      Parameter Removed in Solaris 10
      
      Modify /etc/system
      
      set tcp:tcp_conn_hash_size=8192
      
      /usr/sbin/init 6
    2. Decrease Close Wait / Time Wait Interval
      
      Solaris 2.6 / 7
      
      Can be modified on the fly at any time
      Default is 240000, Minimum Recommended is 60000, Range 1 to 600000
      Measured in 1/1000ths of a second, default is 4 minutes
      /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_close_wait_interval 60000
      
      Solaris 8
      
      Can be modified on the fly at any time
      Default is 240000, Minimum Recommended is 60000, Range 1 to 600000
      Measured in 1/1000ths of a second, default is 4 minutes
      /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_time_wait_interval 60000
      
      Solaris 9 / 10
      
      Can be modified on the fly at any time
      Default is 60000, Minimum Recommended is 60000, Range 1 to 600000
      Measured in 1/1000ths of a second, default is 1 minute
      /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_time_wait_interval 60000
  3. ^^ How can I increase my TCP Window size?
    1. Increase Transmit Window
      1. Increasing this value in excess of the 16bit window defined in RFC793, as SEG.WND, causes the Window Scaling option as defined in RFC1323.
      2. Increasing this value takes additional memory
      3. Solaris 8
        
        Default is 16384
      4. Solaris 9 / 10
        
        Default is 49152
      5. /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_xmit_hiwat 65536
    2. Increase Receive Window
      1. Increasing this value in excess of the 16bit window defined in RFC793, as SEG.WND, causes the Window Scaling option as defined in RFC1323.
      2. Increasing this value takes additional memory
      3. Solaris 8
        
        Default is 24576
      4. Solaris 9 / 10
        
        Default is 49152
      5. /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_recv_hiwat 65536
  4. ^^ What do all the TCP states actually mean?
    1. CLOSED (0)
      1. Socket is closed
    2. LISTEN (1)
      1. Socket is passive, awaiting a connection request
    3. SYN_SENT (2)
      1. Socket is active, has sent a SYN
      2. Session not yet active
    4. SYN_RECEIVED (3)
      1. Socket is active, has sent and received SYN
      2. Session not yet active
    5. ESTABLISHED (4)
      1. Socket is active
      2. Session is active, has completed handshake
    6. CLOSE_WAIT (5)
      1. Socket is closed, received FIN, waiting for close
      2. Session is terminating
    7. FIN_WAIT (6)
      1. Socket is closed, sent FIN, waiting for FIN ACK
      2. Session is terminating
    8. CLOSING (7)
      1. Socket is closed, exchanged FIN, waiting for FIN ACK
      2. Session is terminating
    9. LAST_ACK (8)
      1. Socket is closed, received FIN, waiting for FIN ACK
      2. Session is terminating
    10. FIN_WAIT_2 (9)
      1. Socket is closed, received FIN ACK
      2. Session is complete
    11. TIME_WAIT (10)
      1. Socket is closed, waits for ( 2 * max segment life )
      2. Session is complete

Disclaimer: This document is not supported by Sun Microsystems. Errors in certain commands executed as root can cause system failure and data corruption. Please exercise caution and remember to backup your data.